.. _units-label: Constants and Units ################### HyMD uses the following units and constants internally and in all input and output: .. list-table:: **Units** :widths: 30 10 75 :header-rows: 1 * - Quantity - Symbol - Unit * - length - :math:`r` - :math:`\text{nm}=10^{-9}~\text{m}` * - time - :math:`t` - :math:`\text{ps}=10^{-12}~\text{s}` * - charge - :math:`q` - :math:`e=1.602176634 \cdot 10^{-19}~\text{C}` * - mass - :math:`m` - :math:`\text{u}=1.66053906660 \cdot 10^{-27}~\text{kg}` * - temperature - :math:`\text{T}` - :math:`\text{K}` * - energy - :math:`E` - :math:`\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}` * - velocity - :math:`v` - :math:`\text{nm}\,\text{ps}^{-1}=10^3~\text{m}\,\text{s}^{-1}` * - momentum - :math:`P` - :math:`\text{u}\,\text{nm}\,\text{ps}^{-1}=10^3\text{u}\,\text{m}\,\text{s}^{-1}` * - force - :math:`\mathbf{F}` - :math:`\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}\text{nm}^{-1}` * - pressure - :math:`p` - :math:`\text{bar}=100~\text{kPa}` * - electric potential - :math:`\Psi` - :math:`\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}\text{nm}^{-1}e^{-1}=0.01036426965~\text{V}` * - electric field - :math:`\mathbf{E}` - :math:`\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}\text{nm}^{-1}e^{-1}=1.03642696562 \cdot 10^7~\text{V}\,\text{m}^{-1}` * - compressibility - :math:`\kappa` - :math:`\text{mol}\,\text{kJ}^{-1}` * - field-interaction - :math:`\tilde\chi` - :math:`\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}` .. list-table:: **Constants** :widths: 30 10 75 :header-rows: 1 * - Constant - Symbol - Value * - gas constant - :math:`R` - :math:`8.3144621\cdot10^{-3}~\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}` * - Boltzmann’s constant - :math:`k_\text{B}` - :math:`8.3144621\cdot10^{-3}~\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}` * - Avogadro's constant - :math:`N_\text{A}` - :math:`6.02214076 \cdot 10^23~\text{mol}^{-1}` * - Vacuum permittivity - :math:`\varepsilon_0` - :math:`8.85418781281 \cdot 10^{-12}~\text{kg}^{-1}\text{m}^{-3}\text{s}^4\,\text{A}^2` * - Coulomb constant - :math:`k_\text{e}` - :math:`138.935458~\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}\text{nm}\,e^{-2}`